External and Internal Respiration
In external respiration the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the surroundings. In internal respiration utilization of oxygen carrying out of the oxidation and the elimination of CO2 by the body cells takes place.
Tidal Volume : This is the amount of air expired or inspired involuntarilly. This is about half a litre.
Inspiratory reserve volume : Extra amount over tidal volume during deepest voluntary inspiration is called inspiratory reserve volume. This is from 2 to 3 litres.
Expiratory reserve volume : Extra amount over tidal volume during forceful voluntary expiration. This is about 1 litre.
Residual volume : The amount of air that remains inside the lungs after most forceful expiration. This is about one and half litre. This is residual volume or inspiratory volume.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Our respiratory system contains wind pipe and two lungs with following parts :
Alveolus (pl., alveoli) : Terminal, microscopic, grapelike air sac found in vertebrate lungs.
Bicarbonate Ion : The form in which CO2 is transported in the bloodstream.
Bronchiole : Air from a bronchus to the alveoli is conducted through asmall take.
Bronchas (pl., bronchi) : One of the two main branches of the trachea in vertebrates that have lungs.
Carbonic Anhydrase : An enzyme in red blood cells that speeds the formation of carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide.
Diaphragm : A dome-shaped muscularized sheet separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals.
Exhalation : It is the process in which air is given out of the lungs.
Glottis : It is an opening for airflow in the larynx.
Haemoglobin : Transport of oxygen by red respiratory pigment of erythrocytes or R.B.C.
Inhalation : Process of respiration in which air is drawn into the lungs.
Larynx : Cartilaginous organ located between the pharynx and the trachea. It is called voice box.
Lung : An internal respiratory organ containing moist surfaces for gas exchange.
Pharynx : A common passage for both food intake and air movement. It is located between the mouth and the esophagus.
Thoracic Cavity : The internal body space of some animals that contains the lungs, protecting them from desiccation; the chest.
Vocal Cord : Fold of tissue within the larynx used to create vocal sounds when it vibrates.
Sound Production
Wall of the larynx is supported by four cartilages :
(a) Thyroid Cartilage : Broadest cartilage.
(b) Cricold Cartilage : Ring like smaller and thicker cartilage.
(c) Arytenoid Cartilage : Paired small cartilage along sides of larynx.
Sound is produced by resonance process by flow and pressure of air.
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