Primary Dicot Root
Epidermis : It is a protective layer. In it cuticle and stomata are absent.
Exodermis : Its cells prevent the exit of water from the root.
Cortex
General Cortex : It is parenchymatous and keeps the food stored.
Endodermis : It has casparian bands on radial walls and cells help in movement of water and salts from cortex to xylem.
Stele
Pericycle : It is one layered, parenchymatous, lying internal to endodermis, it gives lateral roots.
Vascular Bundles : These bundles are limited, radial and separate, exarch. They conduct water and minerals.
Conjunctive Tissue : It is parenchymatous; differentiates into meristem during secondary growth.
Medulla : It is very small or completely absent parenchymatous.
Monocot Root
Epidermis : It is single layered protective structure.
Cortex
Exodermis : It prevents leakage of water. In epiphytes multiseriate, absorbs moisture or rain water.
General Cortex : It is parenchymatous and food stored.
Endodermis : It has casparian strips on radial walls. Passage cells help in movement of water and salts from cortex to xylem.
Stele
Pericycle : It is uniseriate, parenchymatous. It produces lateral roots.
Trichoblasts : Epidermal cells of root with root hairs.
Epiblema : Epidermis without cuticle.
Rhizodermis : Epidermis of root.
Exodermis : Outer layers in root below the epidermis with suberised walls to form a protective tissue.
Cortex : Cortex is the internal region of a plant axis lying between epidermis and stelar region.
Passage Cells : Thin walled cells of endodermis lying opposite to the protoxylem which allow radial diffusion of water.
Piliferous Layer : Endodermis of roots having root hairs.
Casparian Strips : Suberised thickenings on the radial and tangential walls of endodermal cells.
Conjunctive Tissues : Parenchymatous tissue which lies between xylem and phloem strands in roots.
Triarch : Presence of three protoxylem strands in dicot roots.
Tetrarch : Presence of four protoxylem strands in dicot roots.
Pentarch : Presence of five protoxylem strands in dicot roots.
Hexarch : Presence of six protoxylem strands in dicot roots.
Exarch : Protoxylem lying towards periphery and metaxylem lying towards centre.
Diarch : Presence of two protoxylem strands (exarch xylem) in dicot roots.
Polyarch : Presence of numerous protoxylem strands in monocot roots.
Pericycle : Layer of cells which occur inner to the endodermis and outer to the vascular tissue.
Pith : Central part of the ground tissue system present inside the vascular tissue.
Primary Dicot Stem
Epidermis : Epidermis has stomata which helps in transpiration and respiration. Cuticle provides protection from dessiccation.
Trichomes give protection and reduction of transpiration.
Cortex
Hypodermis : It is photosynthesis helped by collenchymatous.
General Cortex : Cortex does strorage of food materials.
Endodermis : Endodermis acts as a barrier between cortex stele.
Pericycle : It is scierenchymatous and gives mechanical strength.
Vascular Bundles : These bundles are limited, conjoint, collateral, open, endarch and conduct water and food materials.
Medulla : Medulla does strorage of reserve food.
Medullary Rays : They are parenchymatous and do lateral conduction.
Monocot Stem
Epidermis : It is a protective layer and has stomata and cuticle present but hairs are absent.
Hypodermis : It is scleven-chymatous and provides mechanical strength.
Vascular Bundles : Vascular bundles are numerous, scattered, conjoint, collateral, closed and endarch and conduct water and nutrients.
Ground Tissue : It is parenchymatous tissue and stores food.
Trichomes : These are absent.
Hypodermis : Outer part of cortex present immediately below the epidermis (collenchymatous in dicot stem and sclerenchymatous in monocot stem).
Starch Sheath : Endodermis in dicot stem with starch grains in its cells.
Medullary Rays : Ground tissue found in between the vascular bundles in dicot stem.
Protoxylem Lacuna : Lysoge-nous cavity in the vascular bundle of monocot stem formed by disintegration of some protoxylem strands.
Hard Bast : Patches of fibres above phloem of vascular bundles of dicot stem in a heterogenous pericycle.
Fascicle : Vascular bundle.
Fibrovascular Bundle : A vascular bundle surrounded by sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
Eustele : A stele in dicot stem with limited number of vascular bundles arranged in a ring.
Endarch : Protoxylem lying towards the centre of the stem and metaxylem towards the periphery in a vascular bundle.
Bundle Sheath : Scleren-chymatous sheath surrounding vascular bundle in monocot stem.
Bundle Cap : Sclerenchymatous patch of pericycle in dicot stem found just outer to vascular bundles.
Atactostele : A stele in monocot stem with numerous vascular bundles scattered in the ground tissue.
Cambium : Meristematic tissue present in the vascular bundle of dicot stem separating primary xylem and primary phloem.
Leaf
Dorsiventral Leaf : In this leaf mesophyll is differentiated into two parenchymas; namely—upper parenchyma and lower parenchyma. Upper surface is dark green and lower surface is light green.
Epidermis : It is protective layer covered with cuticle. Stomata are present. Hairs may or may not be present.
Mesophyll : It has chlorenchyma. Helps in photosynthesis.
Vascular Bundles : Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed. Xylem is towards outer surface. These bundles conduct water and food. These bundles give mechanical support to lamina.
Isobilateral Leaf : In this mesophyll is made of same type of cells. Therefore both the surfaces are of uniform green colour.
Epidermis : It is one layered and present on upper and lower sides of leaf. Stomata and cuticle are present on two sides.
Mesophyll : It has chlorenchyma and is homogeneous.
Abanial Surface : This is the lower surface of the leaf.
Adanial Surface : This is the upper surface of the leaf.
Bulliform cells : These cells are found in grasses. These are Bubble shaped, hygroscopic, enlarged and thin walled cells.
Guard Cells : These are the cells which have chloroplast on either side of stomatch.
Stomata : Small opening in the epidermis of most aerial parts of plants.
Spongy Parenchyma : It has irregular shape cells.
