Plant breeding or crop improvement : Plant breeding is an applied branch of Botany which deals with the improvement of crops and production of new crop varieties which are far superior to the existing varieties in all characters.
Aims of Plant Breeding
1. To increase the yield of crops.
2. To improve the quality of crops
3. To develop varieties of crops that are resistant to diseases, insects, drought, frost, floods, alkaline and saline conditions.
4. To find early maturing crops for crop rotation purposes.
5. To produce dwarf varieties.
Famous Organizations For Crop Improvement
International Organizations
International Centre for Maize and Wheat Improvement (C. I, M. M. Y.T.)—Mexico.
International Rice Research institute (I.R.R.I.)—Philippines
International Crop Research Institu-te for Semi-arid crop (I.C.R.I.S.A.T.)- Hyderabad.
Indian Organizations
Indian Agriculture Research Institute (I.A.R.I.)—New Delhi.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (I.C.A.R.)—New Delhi.
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (I.I.H.R.)—Hessaraghatta, Bangalore (Karnataka).
Central Potato Research Institute (C.P.R.I.)—Simla (U.P.)
Central Rice Research Institute (C.R.R.I.)—Cuttack (Orissa)
Sugarcane Breeding Institute (S.B.I.)—Coimbatore (Tamilnadu)
Central Tabacco Research Institute (C.T.R.I.)—Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh)
Central Institute for Cotton Research (C.I.C.R.)—Nagpur (Maharashtra)
Methods of plants breeding
Plant Introduction : It is a method of introducing plant into a new locality with different climate from their natural growing places.
Hybridization : Hybridization is crossing of two plants which differ from each other genotypically in one or more characters.
Hybrid Vigour : The crossing between two plants which leads to the production of more vigorous hybrids is called hybrid vigour or heterosis.
Emasculation : The emasculation is the removal of anther from a bisexual flower without damaging the carpel.
Mutation Breeding : Mutation breeding is the system of breeding in which plants are improved by mutation.
Polyploidy : Individuals having more than two sets of chromosomes are called polyploids and the occurrence of this phenomenon is known as polyploidy.
Tissue Culture : The method of growing cells, tissues or organs in a sterile basal nutrient medium tissue under controlled conditions of light and temperature is called tissue culture.
Totipotency : A cell which is capable of dividing and regenerating an entire organism from it is called totipotent and this property of the cell is called totipotency.
Callus : During tissue culture, a tissue gives rise to an undifferentiated mass of tissue called callus.
Organogenesis : The process of development of an organ from a callus is called organogenesis.
Clonal Propagation : The method of raising genetically identical plants from a tissue cultured plant by asexual reproduction is called clonal propagation.
Micropropagation : This is a method of tissue culture which is applied for the production of a large number of plants from a single explant.
Androgenic Haploids : Androgenic haploids are the haploid plants raised by anther culture.
Cybrid : A hybrid formed by the fusion of cytoplasm is called cybrid.
Induced mutation : Artificially induced mutations by treating plants with mutagens like ionising radiations or chemicals are called induced mutations.
Ionising Radiations : Alpha (a) beta (b), gamma (g), rays and x-rays are widely used by plant breeders for inducing mutation in plants. These are called ionising radiations.
Explant : The plant cell taken for tissue culture is called an explant.
Embryold : By adding proper concentration of aubius and cytokining into the basal medium, the callus is allowed to develop into a miniature plant called ambryoid.
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